Abstract

The design and substrate analysis of a pentagonal microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication and multi-band Internet of Things applications are presented in this work. In order to examine the impact of substrate permittivity on resonant frequency, return loss, VSWR, and gain, the proposed antenna is constructed and simulated using CST Studio Suite and assessed across three dielectric substrate materials: FR4 (?r = 4.3), RT Duroid (?r = 2.2), and PTFE (?r = 2.1). With a gain of 4.130 dBi, a VSWR of 1.351, and a return loss of ?16.518 dB, the FR4 substrate generates a resonant frequency of 5.00 GHz. With a gain of 7.957 dBi, a VSWR of 1.506, and a return loss of ?13.886 dB, the RT Duroid substrate resonates at 6.859 GHz. With return losses of ?13.844 dB and ?16.395 dB, VSWRs of 1.356 and 1.509, and gains of 8.122 dBi and 6.926 dBi, respectively, the PTFE substrate displays dual-band behavior at 7.005 GHz and 10.305 GHz. The findings show that while PTFE specifically permits dual-band operation, lower permittivity substrates raise the resonance frequency and enhance gain performance. The suggested pentagonal patch antenna shows potential for C-band and X-band wireless and Internet of Things applications and achieves high impedance matching across all substrates.